The Simple Solution to Homeless People in America - 954 Words

The Simple Solution There are many homeless people out on the streets of this great nation. Ten years ago, nobody would have expected that America would be this far in the slumps. Rather than feeling lucky to have a playground to play on at a great school, children are now lucky to have just one of their two parents working for minimum wage. With the average unemployment rate hovering above seven percent over the last eight years, America’s youth are growing up in a world where dreams no longer come true and are taught to aspire to be a waiter or grocery store clerk for life. Such low aspirations and consequent expectations are not what the founders of America sought for this country. On the contrary, the United States was built and founded on nearly unreachable dreams and aspirations. What happened to the American dream? Fathers would go to work at 8:00 AM while mothers got her kiddos off to school, dressed to play, carrying a sack lunch. The day would pass, and fathers would return home by 5:0 0 PM for supper and family time. No longer is this standard. Today, children are sent off to school with little or even no lunch because their family cannot afford enough food with one minimum wage job. Parents are home when school ends not because they are fortunate enough to have the luxury of leaving work early, but because they are forced to work the graveyard shift, or they had no job to report to in the first place. These circumstances are becoming all too common, and shouldShow MoreRelatedHomelessness Is A Serious Problem896 Words   |  4 Pagesfundamental human need, however, not everyone gets to have a home. Homelessness is a serious problem throughout the world. With an average of 643,067 people experiencing homelessness in America daily, there is now believed to be at least 1.6 million homeless people in America alone according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development s 5th Annual Homeless Assessment Report. (Henry, 2015) Homelessness is a major problem b ecause it damages the capability of a person to provide for themselves. ThroughRead MoreHomelessness in American1645 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness in America Homelessness in America has always been an issue but it has become an even bigger issue over the past years. With a world filled with global conflict, disappearing jobs, higher education cost, and increasing poverty in America, the homeless need our help more than ever. Just last year, the national poverty rate rose to include 13.2 % of the population. Also, 3.5 million people were forced to sleep in parks, shelters, under bridges or in cars. Hunger and homelessness areRead MoreHomelessness Is A Major Social Crisis Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesHaight Ashbury. In these places, homeless people are plentiful, yet they are almost always overlooked by the other San Franciscans who use those areas to work and play. Providing permanent housing (as opposed to places at shelters) to chronically homeless people has been proven to be an efficient method of combatting homelessness. I propose that San Francisco introduce a voluntary 10-cent tax on coffee, as a way of raising money to provide services to homeless people within permanent housing, and simultaneouslyRead MoreA Brief Note On The Poverty Of The United States1482 Words   |  6 PagesStates has a homeless population of more than a half million people. The homeless assistance programs are overloaded, leaving nearly one third of that half million unsheltered, sleeping outside on the streets, or in makeshift tent cities. Reasons for homelessness include natural disasters, divorce, loss of employment, physical mental disabilities, substance addiction, gambling addiction, and domestic violence. Those who are chronically homeless, meaning those who are either long-term homeless or haveRead MoreHomelessness Is The Common Reason Of Homelessness Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pagesin America and across in the world. poverty and mental illness is the common reason of homelessness, these people face an extremely struggle just to live despite the fact that society turns its head from the problem. Homelessness is one of the tragedies that one can face, People who live at poverty level and have mental disorders are more likely to become homeless. its something that effects people of all age, race, background, and religion. There are several untrue stereotypes about homeless peopleRead MorePersuasive Essay On Homelessness1074 Words   |  5 PagesAstonishingly, 564,708 people are currently homeless in the United States, according to Social Solutions (Social Solutions, 2016). The topic, â€Å"Living Poor,† has only become much more apparent in the news and in everyday life. Two essays, On Compassion by Barbara Lazear Ascher and On Dumpster Diving by Lars Eighner, can be evaluated as discussing two different aspects of the homeless situation in America. After close reading, On Compassion more effectively achieves its purpose of defining compassionRead MoreThe Problem Of Poverty And Homelessness1604 Words   |  7 Pageswrong in this thinking. The notion that he is raising is exactly the type of se lfish and closed minded way of thinking that sets back the progress in solving the issue of poverty and homelessness in America. In fact, a study taken in 2015 gathered that with more interaction and willingness to help the homeless, the more empathy and compassion is gained for them, later resulting in a larger contribution from society creating a social change. I obtained this information based on a survey taken by LindsayRead MoreHomelessness : An Epidemic Across The United States1066 Words   |  5 Pageshas become an epidemic across the United States of America over the past 40 years. Despite the fact that most individuals are reminded of this problem on a daily basis when they see those without homes on the street, few solutions have been implemented that would fix the causes of this horrendous issue. Funding for programs that assist the homeless and homeless prevention programs is abysmal, while the costs incurred due to such a large homeless population continue to rise. Ove r the past centuryRead MoreHomelessness in the United States Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness, â€Å"approximately 3.5 million people are homeless each year, while 36.3 million live in households without enough food.† This statistic only reflects the United States, and to many people, it just doesn’t make sense. For instance Alfredzine Black of the YWCA in Marion, Indiana says, â€Å"I don’t understand why we have so much poverty in the richest country in the world!† Citizens of the United States have a hard time defining andRead MoreThe Effect of Homelessness on the Youth of America1086 Words   |  5 Pages There are millions of homeless youth in America. On any given night, you can find these children ducking into abandoned buildings, crammed up against alley dumpsters, curled inside the big yellow slide of a local playground. I imagine they are thankful for sleep, wary of a new day, but thankful nonetheless. Homelessness at such a young age if left alone, leads to increased rates of conflict. The more homeless youths now, the more our country as a whole will have to deal with divorce, mental illness

Development of a Math Laboratory at the Professional...

RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL TITLE OF THE PROJECT: DEVELOPMENT OF A MATH LABORATORY AT THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SCHOOL Presented to the Faculty Development Committee Dr. Sheila Mehigan Assistant Professor of Education March 11, 2002 RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL TITLE OF THE PROJECT: DEVELOPMENT OF A MATH LABORATORY AT THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SCHOOL {PDS} PROJECT SUMMARY This project is being developed for the purpose of funding a math laboratory to be set up during the 2002-2003 school year where preservice (college students) will work with at-risk K-5 students at the Professional Development School (PDS) at Jackson Elementary School. Professional Developments Schools (PDS) are public school settings in which a school district†¦show more content†¦The simultaneous co-product of this investigation is the potential to help at-risk K-5 students develop their mathematical communication skills and math efficacy (Nicholls, Cobb, Wood, amp; Yackel, 1990) through activity-based experiences. Project Plan This research study will be completed with two parallel studies. The first study will focus on the preservice teachers enrolled in a K-8 math methods course at Elmhurst College, EDU330 -- Math for Elementary and Middle School Students. The second study will focus on the K-5 elementary students at Jackson Elementary School particip ating in the math lab sessions. Jackson Elementary School is partnering with the Education Department at Elmhurst College to form a Professional Development School (PDS) and thus a collaborative relationship as well as vacant instructional space that provides a unique opportunity for this project. In sum, the research project has two guiding goals -- mathematical efficacy and communication. The first goal is to discern the changes in math self-efficacy in both the K-5 students and preservice teachers. The second goal is to examine if the K-5 students and preservice teachers participating in a math lab, which is centered on reflective activities and mathematics communication skills, improve as math communicators. Preservice teacher growth and development in mathematical teaching efficacyShow MoreRelatedMentoring : Mentoring And Leadership1021 Words   |  5 Pagesis for this reason that I have been a part of learning communities in a multitude of capacities. I have worked with Teacher Cadet students from local high schools that want to enter the education profession. They are given a chance to â€Å"get their feet wet† so to speak to see if this is the career they would like to pursue after high school. Since National Board Certification, I have also served as a mentor to practicum students and student teachers from local universities around the area. WorkingRead MoreThe Education Of The Public Education763 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curriculum in schools is undergoing a revolution in public education. This revolution is sparked by an increase in federal funding over the last decade. Between the years of 2011 and 2015, the federal government alone invested between three and 3.7 billion dollars yearly for STEM education (Johnson, 2012) (White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2014) and new STEM educational instructional strategies (Bruce-Dacis, GubbinsRead MoreChoosing A Training Intervention Program1564 Words   |  7 PagesChoosing an Intervention Projects requiring a training intervention usually have to do with a performance. I used as a reference a similar intervention from Kentucky Virtual Schools’ hybrid program since I would like to analyze step by steps the procedures to obtain the expected outcomes. Training intervention is the method I choose because it complies with the procedures I want to present at SUAGM (Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mà ©ndez) to integrate technology in a bilingual setting with hybrid coursesRead MoreUniversity Of Hawaii - Manoa997 Words   |  4 Pagesfor high school students. Around 56 percent of students graduate within six year. The student-faculty ratio is a just 13 to one and the average class size is between 10 to 19 students. University of Hawaii – Manoa Accreditation Details -The university is accredited through the Senior Commission of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). University of Hawaii – Manoa Application Requirements Students applying to the University of Hawaii – Manoa must meet certain high school creditRead MoreThe National Education Goals Of The United States1493 Words   |  6 PagesEducation Goals, â€Å"By the year 2000, every school will promote partnerships that will increase parental involvement and participation in promoting the social, emotional, and academic growth of children† (National Education Goals Panel, 1998). According to the final report, there was no significant change in the level of parent participation in the majority of the states. The No Child Left Behind law established strict provisions for states, school districts, and schools with regard to parental involvementRead MoreDuring My Undergraduate Tenure, I Was Extremely Active1142 Words   |  5 Pagestwice. In both experiences, I helped direct high school students with several research laboratory techniques. The first experience, I worked in the biology lab teaching DNA Electrophoresis and pipetting. I n the second experience, I worked in the Chemistry lab teaching DNA fingerprinting and basic chemical mixing safety techniques. This reinforced my knowledge of basic abilities performed in a research lab while simultaneously encouraging high school students to pursue the sciences. Another great experienceRead MoreScience As A Nano Scientist1427 Words   |  6 PagesNano scientist. For those that desire to offer their services in entry-level research job such as laboratory assistant, a bachelor’s degree is typically required. In addition, on the job training is often not given and is learned through experience. Hospitals; medical and diagnostic laboratories; physicians’ offices; colleges, universities, and professional schools are common locations for a laboratory assistant. Sequentially, a master’s degree followed by a doctorate’s degree would be the next levelsRead MoreIntroduction. Ruth Ann Is A Veteran Pre-Algebra Teacher1457 Words   |  6 PagesInt roduction Ruth Ann is a veteran pre-algebra teacher challenged by her unmotivated students at Middle City Middle School. Maya, the staff development and instruction consultant with seven-year teaching experience, accepted Ruth Ann’s request to provide immediate assistance with professional instructional intervention. The challenges, reflective assessment of the instructional intervention, anticipated outcomes, and the evaluation will be discussed in this case analysis. Challenges In this caseRead MoreThe Field Of Education : A Catalyst For Rethinking Teaching Practices Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesuse it as tool to repair the ailing education system. According to her extract, Schools are ready however the big question of teacher readiness is highlighted. Van der Merve did not settle low on the statistics as she reveals that in 2014, a survey by the World Economic Forum ranked South Africa bottom of the list of 148 countries in science and maths, while data from the national education evaluation and development unit revealed that in 2013 13% of Grade 5 learners in South Africa were illiterateRead MoreEssay about Statement of Purpose for an MS in Computer Science738 Words   |  3 Pagesthankful for providing me this opportunity and it is with sincere sense of gratification that I pen down my brief statement of purpose. Striving for betterment and improvement has been my motto in all aspects of life and the same applies even to my professional and academic career. Getting to know what goes inside computers, the engines of the Information Technology revolution and knowing how to work with them enables one to understand the technology that makes it all possible. Understanding this, I chose

Gladwell Free Essays

Essay I : Gladwell argues that success is not the result of innate talent, but of practice and of being in the right place at the right time. Critically evaluate this argument. Malcolm Gladwel Analyses in his latest book Outliers , the circumstances that made some people successful . We will write a custom essay sample on Gladwell or any similar topic only for you Order Now He shows another aspect of their self-made rise to success. Gladwell gives the definition of an outlier as an unusual person ‘classed differently from a main or related body’ (2008:3), in other words out of the ordinary. He argues that success is not in any case a matter of talent, but of practice, of social status, culture, and of being in the right place at the right time. The aims of this essay is to evaluate whether Gladwell’s argument are true, and how reliable are the evidence used to support his arguments. I will critically evaluate, and identify the type of evidence used by the author, which sometime tend to be unconvincing. This essay is organised into two great section. Each section present arguments and evidence used by Gladwell , an evaluation of these , and finally other examples and comparisons. The first section will argue about the fact that success is not the result of innate abilities but of practice. It will be illustrated through examples of the ‘10,000-Hour rules’, were individuals allocate a certain amount of time to become an expert. However Gladwell insist on the fact that practice is not the only way to become succeful, as being at the right place in the right time is important as well. Thus, the second section will present five arguments that support this idea. Firstly I will argue about the relative age effect through the examples of hockey players. Secondly, the demographical advantage will be presented through the example of ‘the seventy-five richest people’ and the example of successful American businessmen. Thirdly, I will talk about the family background argument with the example of the ‘entitlement (2008:105). Finally, I will present the argument of Ethnicity through the example of minority law student at the university of Michigan. Gladwell present the correlation between innate talent and practice through examples stories. Indeed, the first example from his argument is the one considering the three group of violinist. The thirds group appears as the elite one because of the amount of practice allocated according to K. Anders Ericsson. The example of Mozart is then presented by showing the amount of time he have been practicing to become a prodigy. For those two examples he uses evidence from psychology studies and conclude that there is a ‘ten thousand hours’(2008:40) rule to become successful. Furthermore he uses approximations to confirm his argument, as he noted ‘ what’s ten years? It’s roughly what it takes to put in ten thousand hours of practice [†¦] the magic number of greatness’ (2008:41). This approximation is without any doubt perplexing. Gladwell gives further exceptional example to defend his theory. Among them the example of the Beatles who practiced ten years before becoming very famous , which is again another confirmation of the ‘ ten thousands hours’ theory. To summarise, Gladwell pretends that there is no such thing as innate talent , but the a rule of ten thousands hours to become an expect. Galton (Cited in Ericsson, Krampe and Clemens, 1993) argues that eminent performance is determined by innate capacity and genetics, through his example of the human body. Gladwell is in fact choosing his evidence according to his opinion, which is actually not very objective. He uses Ericsson’s study of 1990 as evidence, whereas three year later the same author argued that sufficient amount of experience and practice does not lead to greatness (Ericsson, Krampe and Clemens; 1993). Moreover, the idea of ten thousands hours cannot be verified universally. Some individuals might need more time to reach the level of an expert, as well as the amount of time may differ according to the field involved. According to Gladwell practice is not the only way to achieve greatness, opportunities, timing and backgrounds are also important. Gladwell argues that talent , hard work and passion are not enough to be successful. Another element is also important. To be born in the right time. Indeed, Gladwell supports this argument by giving the example of the relative age effect in hockey player in Canada. According to Roger Barnsley study, players who were born after January ( entry cutoff age for hockey class) ‘have had the benefit of critical extra month of maturity’ (2008:24). Gladwell does not show good reference about Roger Barnsley, as he relates the author study to an approximate date; He noted: ‘It wasn’t until the mid-1980s that [†¦] Roger Barnsley first drew the attention to the phenomenon of relative age. ’ (2008:21). The reader is not able to verify the reference properly. At the end of the book, Gladwell give the reference of a review about Roger Barnsley published in 2001. In 2011 Gibbs, Jarvis and Dufur argues that being a small kid increase the performance as they have to work twice as hard as the one born after the cutoff date. Moreover, youngest people are more are more successful at university as the cutoff maginalise them and let them focus more on studies (Billari Pellizzari,2008). Here we can see that Gladwell is not using actual references. Knowing the creation date of a source is important as this help verify the currency of the evidence. Another example of the unknown provenance of Gladwell’s evidence, is the table that shows ’the seventy-five richest people in human history’ (2008:56). There is now reference for this table. From a critical point of view, nothing shows that there are actually seventy-five richest people in the human history. The ranking of rich Americans (2008:62), does not show any provenance. Gladwell pretends that those people were born in a strategic time that allowed them to be ready for certain period of growth, which will then lead them to success. His argument is strong, as real facts witness it; however the evidence used is not accurate. Gladwell show the difference between children from a poor family background and the middle-class children through Annette Lareau’study. Again, no date is shown as a reference. Moreover, he supports his argument that middle-class children are more asserted in society than poor children, through an anecdote. He gives the story of two children behaving differently in a doctor interview. Gladwell emphasizes on their names and personalities to support his argument. He noted that ‘Alex Williams is better off than Katie Brindle because he’s wealthier and because he goes to better school, but also because [†¦] the sense of entitlement that he has been taught is an attitude perfectly suited to succeeding in the modern world. (2008:108). This anecdote is unfortunately making Gladwell’s argument unconvincing. Comparing two random and unknown individuals cannot persuade any critical reader those richer individuals are better than the others. Furthermore, to stay on the same aspect, Gladwell justify Alex Williams’ position, not because of his racial attributes as being white, but because of his â⠂¬Ëœcultural advantage’(2008:108). When considering the population of the United States for instance, no big difference exists between black and white people as they live in the same country, with the same nationality. An implicit meaning, that white people are better than black people, could be understood by a critical reader. It will no longer be a matter of ‘cultural advantage’, but a matter of ethnicity. Michigan minority Law students are another example of Gladwell’s assumptions of Ethnicity reasons. He noted that in law studies white student are better than minority students (2008:85), with no origin of this information. He quotes Richard Lempert who wrote his study in 2000. The date of this reference is unfortunately unreliable when comparing the year of Outliers’ publication (2008). I have examined in this essay the arguments and evidence used by Gladwell in his book Ouliers (2008), to support the fact that success is not the result of innate talent, but of practice and of being in the right place at the right time. For that I initially examined the relationship between innate talent and practice through Gladwell’s believes of the ‘Ten Thousands hours’ practice to succeed. But also, by projecting and comparing this theory with a universal point of view. I then moved the second part of Gladwell’s argument which is about timing, opportunities and backgrounds; as being in the right place at the right time. I considered the examples of the hockey players with the aspect of the relative age; then I argued about the demographical advantages, being born in a strategic period of growth; family background was ten presented as being another explanation of success; and finally the aspect of ethnicity. We have seen so far that Gladwell is using acceptable arguments. However , the types of evidence he uses are not accurate. Indeed, the use of anecdote, tables without any reference would not persuade the reader. Moreover his generalizations of assumptions are not convincing, and leave perplexed any critical reader who might not find this book useful as a reference. To my point of view, practice and opportunities are very important to be successful. However, innate talent is vital, as individuals have defences in capacities. Some people would be better in certain field, whereas others would not be gifted. Passion and motivation will then come to guide skilled individuals to the road of expertise, and maybe if the opportunities arises, to the road of success. References: Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers Ericsson, K. Ander. ; Krampe, Ralf Th. ; Tesch-Romer, Clemens. (1993). The Role Of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance. Psychological Review, vol. 100, issue 3, pp. 363 Bedard, K and Dhuey, E, (2006). The persistence of early childhood maturity: international evidence of long run age effects, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 121, issue 4, pp. 1437-1472 Musch, J and Grondin, S, (2001). Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: a review of the relative age effect in sport, Developmental Review, vol. 21, issue 2, pp. 147-167 Gibbs,B. G. ; Jarvis,J. A. ; Dufur, M. J. (2011). The rise of the underdog? The relative age effect reversal among Canadian-born NHL hockey players: A reply to Nolan and Howell. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. [Online]. Available at: http://irs. sagepub. com/content/early/2011/08/19/1012690211414343. abstract [ Accessed 27 november 2012] Billari, F. C. ; Pellizzari, M. (2008). The Younger, the Better? Relative Age Effects at University. Journal of Population Economics, 2012, 25 (2), 697-739. [ Online ]. Available at : http://ftp. iza. org/dp3795. pdf [ Accessed 27 november 2012] How to cite Gladwell, Papers

From Ugly to Pretty, Its Pretty Ugly free essay sample

Because of American culture today, citizens commonly go to a great extent just to feel needed, to feel worthy of their part in society. Originality quickly begins to fade as most citizens attempt to conform to the ideal persona created by society itself. Any non- conformist is then deemed an outcast to society, one whose judgments become baffling. This fear of originality is a concept spreading through our youth like an epidemic. American’s lose all sense of who they are in efforts to personify the perfect body that society presents them with. This fear of not being accepted for who we are begins to consume the self, and creates the monstrous society that embodies lack of originality, and you can identify it anytime you walk into the public. The fear of being anything but the presented ideal image, the perfect body, by society, holds damaging affects to the individual.The use of advertising manipulates the real woman into a fictitious petite female and the average man into a massive ‘tall, dark, and handsome’ male. Children absorb all aspects of these by no choice and it begins to affect there self-confidence before ever even being introduced to others that might not accept them for who they are , such as non-family members. Because of all of the accusations brought upon by advertisements, children start adapting who they are to meet those standards. As Dorah and Job Dubihlela- authors of â€Å"Youth Attitudes towards Advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - point out that â€Å"Both young men and women are the primary focus and objects in advertisements, with appeals that catch youth’s attention†¦ such as half-naked, young and beautiful women†¦ due to its pervasiveness, stereotypical portrayals, manipulative and persuasive appeal-sure† (1). Advertisers’ goal is to catch the consumer at a young age, in order to keep the consumer lifelong. The effect of this causes unrealistic knowledge that these ideals are accepted by society and that they are the only way society will accept the individual. The Dubihlela’s continue, â€Å"Advertisers sell dreams and entice [the audience] into confusing dreams with reality†¦ [it] requires being consistently informative and appealing, and†¦ after proper exposure, the audience begins to trust and believe the advertisement† (1). Being surrounded by family, by members that accept you for who you are along with absorbing another point of view through media advertising, the youth is confounded with confusion. With the reinforcement of constant exposure, youth’s accept the new point of view as what is true. The concept of what is real and what is ideal is becoming extinct within the youth. For example, Lauren Tochnov and Karen Sides-Moore- authors of â₠¬Å"The Thinner, The Better†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - reported that, â€Å"Constant exposure to thin bodies in their social environment may alter perceptions of what normal and ideal bodies are supposed to look like. As a result, they begin to adopt a perspective of what a healthy or acceptable body image is based upon the images they view on a regular basis† (7). With little knowledge of other points of view, the youth has nothing else to accept but how they interpret what they see in advertisements. They begin to adapt to this ideal image that society is presenting them, reinforcing the belief that it’s not okay to be who you are. Not being able to achieve the perfect body is not an option for youths. Michelle Kistler- and other professors for a journal on the research of adolescents- stated that, â€Å"Adolescents who compare themselves against idealized body images are at risk for having a lower self-concept, especially in the physical domain and global self-worth† (618). When the youth is subjected to this manipulation repeatedly, they begin to make assessments of themselves in comparison to what they believe is what accepted and what is not. When they can’t get o r don’t have the qualities of the body that are supposedly ideal, negativity and self-resentment are born and can have very damaging effects to our mental health before the child is ever put in society itself. We can’t hide from advertising. Within seconds of turning on the television or tuning the radio station, children are at risk. Within five minutes of walking out the door, we are bombarded with false images of what we are programmed to believe society wants from us, and it affects us mentally before we ever even experience society.In school, as you were forced to face making new friends, social rank was quickly decided based upon appearance, how closely you related to the ideal body of your gender created by society. Social comparison, an effect to this apparent societal norm, rippled into bullying those that don’t conform reinforcing the concept that the perfect body is the only body to have. Kistler also notes that â€Å"Adolescents rely on social comparisons and perceived norms†¦ [they] construct a view of self through self-reflection and the reflected appraisal of others† (617). Because we now have more options, we begin to observe other’s behavi or, and in it, we make assumptions about ourselves. Before school, adolescents relied solely upon the ideas they were receiving from the media, as Kistler coined, â€Å"a sort of super peer† (619), and now it fuels the judgment and ridicule upon others for not meeting those pre-perceived ideals of the perfect body. As Nancy Cunningham- and colleagues for an article on aggressive behavior in a psychology and behavioral sciences collection- noted that, â€Å"Physically attractive youth tend to be those first†¦ involved in sexual bullying behaviors†¦ research on bullying in general indicates that students who are less attractive are often targeted as victims† (273). Those who have adapted well, or felt that they had already achieved this ideal image, begin to advance on those less fortunate. The self-worth of those victimized now begins to diminish even more, and as the teasing continues, more damaging effects arise. Self hatred begins to consume the victims as the needed self-appraisal from others is not present , and a likely depression follows. Cunningham also provides that, â€Å"Research has consistently shown differences between males and females on bullying behavior†¦ and found higher levels perpetrated by both males and females and higher levels of victimization for females† (274). Adolescent males and females adopt this bullying behavior and target those ‘lesser individuals’, mostly girls, as the societal interpretation of the female is more objectified then that of the male on a regularly reinforced basis. Females who can’t meet this ideal would be more of a target then those less fortunate males. Adolescents absorb what is surrounding them, and act accordingly; they have seen the objectified woman and have now begun to objectify each other. Alterations in appearance become the difference between social victims and social butterflies, creating significant emotional damage.The extent of actions performed in order to achieve this perfect body is never ending and has major effects to the health of the individual. Eating disorders and steroids, along with other damaging practices, become the option for those who can’t attain the ideal image society presents them with. Iryna Petina- along with other authors of an article in the Journal of Consumer Behavior- reports that, â€Å"appeals emphasizing unrealistic body images are increasingly linked to depression, loss of self-esteem, and unhealthy eating habits†¦ and can be attributed to the existing social standards of the ‘ideal’ body† (1). Severely damaging effects to the health are caused by unrealistic attempts to accomplish the goal of attaining the ideal body. The processes people endure in order to accomplish this unrealistic goal provides evidence of the mental manipulation society has offered them. By default, members of society who perceive themselves as lesser than the perfect image are left with no other option than to begin practices in severely unhealthy habits in efforts to achieve it. Jennifer Galli- and co-authors in the Journal of Sport Behavior- goes on to state that, â€Å"in contrast to women, whose body dissatisfaction emerges from†¦ a desire to lose weight and be thin, men’s dissatisfaction occurs [when] they have too much body fat and want to lose weight in an effort to become leaner [or] perceive themselves as not sufficiently muscular†¦ This concern with muscularity may lead to†¦ a preoccupation with gaining muscle coupled with an irrational belief that they are too small and weak†¦ [and] more likely to use anabolic steroids† (48). The effects caused by this certain ideal are heavily d amaging to the health of all individuals who don’t meet the standards. Even though it is more typical for females to undergo these effects, the damaging aspects are not gender oriented,. Males, even if at a lower rate, do suffer from this pressure to be the muscular ‘tall, dark, and handsome’ man. For instance, Galli recognizes that similarly with women, men will adopt â€Å"pathogenic weight loss behaviors, such as restrictive eating, the use of laxatives, self-induced vomiting, and overtraining†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (48). The pressures to be the thin or lean body type are exhausting for the human body. The health related issues are a demanding matter that should be taken into consideration by society before ever presenting this perfect image of the body. Tochnov and Sides-Moore continue that â€Å"worry about a physical image may lead women to believe that all they have to offer is their appearance†¦ this idea may be driven by unrealistic expectations and a diminished sense of self-worth† (2). Along with the physical demands that the ideal image requires, there are long-term and damaging effects to the self about beliefs on an unrealistic body. People will go to extreme lengths to gain the perfect body, and will not care about the affects to their health. Nothing else matters to them, just as long as they pose the perfect body image. Ultimately, a quicker death to achieve the ideal image is better than a long and healthy life without the ideal body. The issue stems from an unrealistic idea that can’t go away because it surrounds us all the time, continually being reinforced by society. The apparent goal to conform your body to fit the perfect image is unattainable, no matter how much damage we inflict on ourselves and others in order to achieve it, however there are members of society that can look beyond upholding the ideal image. Society is changing, Lady Gaga and Niki Minaj are just some of several well known celebrities that have busted through society’s grasp and became their own persons. These are selected individuals, whom we should look up to when we feel the pressures of society clouding our judgment. I’m not saying walk around the public wearing a banana suit because you want to be different, but these celebrities are making a point. It shouldn’t matter what we look like, so if you want to go around wearing a banana suit, then by all means you should be able to. Appearance shouldn’t b e all that matters, a concept that will be very difficult for society to learn, mirroring Tally’s story in the young adult series â€Å"Uglies,† written by Scott Westerfeild. Tally Youngblood is faced with the decision to become a ‘pretty’ upon the age of 16 with an all body cosmetic procedure, or follow her new friends into non conformity as they show her the sides of being a ‘pretty’ that aren’t so pretty. This book allowed for thoughts of question to creep into my mind. How can a world where everyone looks the same and ‘perfect’ be meaningful? This series was set in a dystopia, a world where everyone looked the same after turning 16 years old. Does America want this? With advancements in plastic surgery, doesn’t America have the means for this to happen? Land of the free†¦ or is it? Do we have the choice to be whatever we want to? With the constant fear of being anything but the presented ideal image by society, I don’t think we do, and the affects are damaging.

The Scarlet Letter The Use Of Hester free essay sample

The Scarlet Letter: The Use Of Hester Essay, Research Paper In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne makes Hester Prynne the cardinal figure in the narrative much like Susanna Rowson does with Charlotte in Charlotte Temple. The secret plans of the books are centered on these adult females ; the plot lines on occasion move elsewhere to inform the reader of the occurrences of other characters, but ever returns to their several female supporter. The writers? usage of their prima ladies differs when supplying a subject, however.Susanna Rowson uses Charlotte Temple as an illustration for the reader. By taking the reader on a journey through Charlotte? s life of ageless wretchedness, Rowson? s storyteller is able to indicate out where Charlotte makes hapless determinations. With the reader now cognizant of the misdirected picks of Charlotte, the storyteller warns the reader that any immature miss could stop up in the same type of quandary. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter The Use Of Hester or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She so teaches the immature female reader how she should respond in a similar state of affairs and the? sober matron? reader how to forestall such a quandary from go oning to her girl. In drumhead, Charlotte Temple? s actions are used to straight learn the subject as Rowson wishes.Nathaniel Hawthorne uses his chief character in a wholly different manner. It is common for a reader of The Scarlet Letter to find that the subject of the narrative is that criminal conversation is bad, but that is non the instance. Hawthorne is non promoting criminal conversation ; that is true: As Darrel Abel provinces in his essay, ? Hawthorne? s Hester, ? ? Although we are expected to love and commiseration Hester, we are non invited to excuse her mistake or to interpret it as a virtuousness. ? 1 Hester Prynne and her lecherous wickedness are Hawthorne? s means of conveying a different message ; Hawthorne is more interested in bring outing the defects of puritan society and the lip service of their rea ctions to Hester. The character of Hester Prynne is created as to work these defects indirectly.The Puritan civilization is one that recognizes Protestantism, a religious order of Christianity. Though a basic of Christianity is forgiveness for one? s wickednesss, this has long been forgotten amongst the adult females of Boston: ? Morally, every bit good as materially, there was a coarser fiber in those married womans and maidens of old English birth and genteelness, than in their just decendants. ? 2 When Hester is foremost brought out of her prison cell, the dish the dirting goodwives recommend much harsher penalties, from a trade name on her brow to decease. Hester, who had done small incorrect prior to this wickedness of criminal conversation, is no longer seen as a human being, but simply as a symbol of evil and shame upon the town. The Puritans, one of the most devoted groups of bible bookmans, bury one of Jesus? most celebrated of quotation marks, ? He that is without wickedne ss among you, allow him foremost cast a rock at her. ? The adult females forget to look inside themselves before they cast their sentiments upon Hester. It is non these people? s right to find Hester? s penalty, non the adult females? s nor the magistrates? ; such a right is reserved merely for God.When the ordeal at the market-place eventually ends, Hawthorne reverses the functions as Hester is the lone individual in town without wickedness while the townsfolk are conceited and holier-than-thou. Hester continues her life, ostracized on the outskirts of town. She is evidently penitent, as she chooses to stay in Boston, even when she is free to travel elsewhere and get down her life anew. ? Here? had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly penalty ; and so, pe rchance, the torture of her daily shame would at length purge her soul, and work out another purity than that which she had lost; more saint-like because the result of martyrdom? (SL 57). She has become a modest woman, seeking ?not to acquire any thing beyond a subsistence, of the plainest and most ascetic description? (SL 58). Hester takes up the occupation of seamstress, a job that, as shown by the golden embroidery around the scarlet letter, suits her well. Her creations become the fashion of the town: ?Her needle-work was seen on the ruff of the Governor; military men wore it on their scarfs, and the minister on his band; it decked the baby?s little cap; it was shut up, to be mildewed and moulder away, in the coffins of the dead. But it is not recorded that, in a single instance, her skill was called in aid to embroider the white veil which was to cover the pure blushes of a bride. The exception indicated the ever relentless vigor with which society frowned upon her sin? (SL 58 ). The preceding quotation is important to understanding Hawthorne?s opinion of Puritanism. These ?morally perfect? people are committing the sin of vanity without a second thought, and their hypocrisy shines through, as they have no problem wearing anything of Hester?s creation except for a wedding veil. With this in mind, Hester now appears to be the only wholly pious person in town. She spends her free-time making clothes for the poor as a form of penance, rejecting the joy she gains from her needlework as a sin, but even the needy who receive the gifts of Hester Prynne ?often reviled the hand that was stretched forth to succor them? (SL 59).Years later, this negative treatment of Hester no longer takes place. She is well respected by the townspeople for her philanthropic and virtuous ways: ?Her breast, with its badge of shame, was but the softer pillow for the head that needed one? (SL 110). People began to interpret her scarlet A as Able, rather than by its initial meaning. Hes ter refuses to embrace this new opinion of her, however; she performs these benevolent acts and then leaves, refusing to accept any form of gratitude.The conclusion of the townspeople?s arrogant attitudes towards her allows Hawthorne to put Hester to a new task. Her thematic job, as provided by Hawthorne, of revealing the hypocrisy of the Puritans is finished; her new role is that of a secondary character. She is used to aid in showing the allegorical significance of the actions of Pearl, Chillingsworth, and most importantly, Reverend Dimmesdale. Hester Prynne is never truly the theme?s center of attention like Charlotte Temple is; she simply helps to promote Hawthorne?s arguments about Puritanism and metaphorical ideas about the other characters. Therefore, it is never of great importance how Hester should turn out in the conclusion; it is merely for the benefit of the reader?s interest that she becomes a friendly ear to the women of Boston in the end. Hawthorne does use her to imp art his final words of wisdom though: ?at some brighter period, when the world should have grown ripe for it, in Heaven?s own time, a new truth would be revealed, in order to establish the whole relation between man and woman on a surer ground of mutual happiness? (SL 177). Also, the narrator leaves a final unanswerable question amidst the words of Hester ? was she herself actually the destined prophetess, ?lofty, pure, and beautiful; and wise? (SL 177) that Hester had envisioned?

Free Essays on The Power Of Public Speaking

at the right time seems as though they were born with the talent. Some benefit by taking courses through their high schools and universities, while others may spend thousands on a few hours of lessons in order to develop their ability, according to Lucas (18). As a result most Americans rank their number one fear as being the fear of public speaking. Public speaking creates a feeling of empowerment, as one is able to communicate information to all audiences, along with the ability to influence people’s attitudes and behavior and to allow one to achieve a position of leadership. Public speaking is essential to success in nearly every walk of life. The fact of searching for a job will be less stressful if an applicant has good oral communication skills, listening ability, and enthusiasm. In the workforce it is vital to have speaking skills to deliver oral reports or presentations, responding to questions, or while training new employees. While public speaking is public centered many things needs to be taken into consideration when writing a speech for a crowd. Thus, a speech only has meaning if the people whom the speech is directed at listen and understand. With this, a speech breaks down into parts, such as, a speaker, a message, a channel, an audience, context, noise and audience feedback. Subject and language used to express the ideas in messages depends on the experience of the speaker. Every speech is individual and unique to the speaker. For instance, a traveler visiting Nigeria, viewing the effects and results of lack of food becomes motivated to carry a message about food donations and wastefulness. A speech, or message, when presented, will be interpreted by members of the audience. Transfor... Free Essays on The Power Of Public Speaking Free Essays on The Power Of Public Speaking â€Å"Talk is cheap,† according to an old English proverb, but proven wrong in every day life. To few, public speaking comes naturally. The ease to speak in front of large audiences and the ability to chose the right words at the right time seems as though they were born with the talent. Some benefit by taking courses through their high schools and universities, while others may spend thousands on a few hours of lessons in order to develop their ability, according to Lucas (18). As a result most Americans rank their number one fear as being the fear of public speaking. Public speaking creates a feeling of empowerment, as one is able to communicate information to all audiences, along with the ability to influence people’s attitudes and behavior and to allow one to achieve a position of leadership. Public speaking is essential to success in nearly every walk of life. The fact of searching for a job will be less stressful if an applicant has good oral communication skills, listening ability, and enthusiasm. In the workforce it is vital to have speaking skills to deliver oral reports or presentations, responding to questions, or while training new employees. While public speaking is public centered many things needs to be taken into consideration when writing a speech for a crowd. Thus, a speech only has meaning if the people whom the speech is directed at listen and understand. With this, a speech breaks down into parts, such as, a speaker, a message, a channel, an audience, context, noise and audience feedback. Subject and language used to express the ideas in messages depends on the experience of the speaker. Every speech is individual and unique to the speaker. For instance, a traveler visiting Nigeria, viewing the effects and results of lack of food becomes motivated to carry a message about food donations and wastefulness. A speech, or message, when presented, will be interpreted by members of the audience. Transfor...

Car history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Car history - Essay Example Steam cars had been built in America since before the Civil War. In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car. That was enough to encourage the State of Wisconsin to offer a $10,000 prize to the winner of a 200 mile race in 1878. In 1873, Karl Benz developed a successful gas-powered two-stroke piston engine. After this he focused on developing a motorized vehicle. His Patent Motorwagen, introduced in 1886, is widely regarded as the first purpose-built automobile that is a vehicle designed from the ground up to be motorized. Benz unveiled it officially on July 3, 1886 on the Ringstrase in Mannheim, Germany. Henry Ford had an engine running by 1893 but it was 1896 before he built his first car. By the end of the year Ford had sold his first car, which he called a Quadracycle, for $200 and used the money to build another one. With the financial backing of the Mayor of Detroit, William C. Maybury and other wealthy Detroiters, Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899. A few prototypes were built but no production cars were ever made by this company. It was dissolved in January 1901. Ford would not offer a car for sale until 1903. Today it has been 100 years of the advent of electric cars. It has an interesting history of development and its still carry on. It was first developed in France and England during the last quarter of 19th century. During late 1890s and early years of 20th century, a lot of innovations were made in motor vehicles industry. Till 1895, Americans didn't begin to devote attention to electric vehicles. It was the first commercial application in America which established as a fleet of New York City taxis in 1897. The early electric vehicles were little more than electrified horseless carriages and surreys. For example, in 1902 Wood's Phaeton which had top speed of 14 mph, a range of 18 miles and cost $2,000. The years 1899 and 1900 were the sky-scraping point of electric vehicles in America, as they outsold all other types of cars. With the passage of time, the car industry got prosperity and the motor vehicle used to be turned into steam, electric, or gasoline versions. Most early electric cars were ornate with massive carriages and designed for the upper class with cost under $1,000. However, by 1910, they had fancy interiors, with expensive materials, and averaged $3,000. Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s with production peaking in 1912. At the start of its advent in 20th century, electric cars got popularity as it had many advantages over their competitors. They did not have the noise, smell and vibrations associated with gasoline cars. Unlike gasoline cars, electric vehicles did not require gear changes. Also, steam-powered cars suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings. The steam cars had less range before needing water than the range of an electric car on a single charge As compared to steam-powered and gasoline cars, the electric cars was the preferred choice of many because it did not require the manual effort to start. With other cars there was a

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Media - Essay Example Unfortunately the same mishap has been integrated to the contemporary media. Media as a social art has its aim to inform a vast range of subject. Globalization had undeniably helped it attain that goal. That is when global mass media ties the world together. Global industrialization had lead to innovations that had aid the media with their venture. Most notably, globalization had made it possible for the media to let the far smaller nations to have a glimpse on what was happening to the titans. Having been improperly handled, that thought benefit had nonetheless lead to overwhelming effect of western culture to outside countries which further lead to cultural degradation and national conflicts. This same effect had managed to inflict the contemporary media. Although the increasing concentration of mass media ownership within and across the nation borders may be considered as the most significant development in international communication, this had rather cause deregulation and privatization. Globalization had secured the presence of giant mass media firms in all the national aspect of every region worldwide. This had allowed them to syndicate with dozens of national media firms worldwide to produce and disseminate news and entertainment to localities. This had made them in control of everything that would be aired and implied to the international market. The media that were supposed to be objective, having neutral observation and letting the fact speak for themselves, have been made into a model of little analysis, that was inefficiently statistical and a one way communication. As a result, the important world facts had been replaced with political scandals, celebrity divo rces, natural disasters and anything that will ward off the public’s eye towards the true significant matters. The mass media that was supposed to ask deeper questions about the exercise of power, the

The impact of competitive strategy on culture and organizational Essay

The impact of competitive strategy on culture and organizational behavior - Essay Example Organizations have to be conscious of their effect on their workers’ behavior both within as well as in their personal lives outside the company. This is especially true where multinational corporations such as ‘Xerox’ which have foreign subsidiaries are concerned. Xerox, a $22 billion firm which was founded in 1906, is a multinational corporation which operates in 160 nations, and has 160, 000 employees. Companies of such magnitude naturally have to tackle different issues concerning organizational behavior so as to inspire members of staff from different cultural backgrounds and remain relevant in the competitive business industry. The success of Xerox is actually dependent on the productivity of its workers. Levels of the Analysis of Organizational Behavior The main objective of seeking to comprehend principles concerning organizational behavior is to acquire a better understanding of concepts that affect group as well as individual dynamics in the workplace. S tudying organizational behavior consists of conducting three levels of evaluation on corporate resources. In the first level of analysis, which considers the individual, the study of organizational behavior will take into account factors such as the learning patterns of the individual, the individual’s creativity, turnover, motivation, cooperative behavior, cognition, and ethics. The psychology of the individual, and how it affects his or her decisions in the workplace, is considered (Schermerhorn, Hung, and Osborn, 2005). Individual personality plays a big role in determining if organizational behavior will be based on being cooperative or portraying deviant behavior. Workers are suited to different types of organizations because of their personalities (Schermerhorn, Hung, and Osborn, 2005). For example, individualistic workers tend to be openness to new experience, self-monitoring, and possess other proactive qualities. Workers who are more individualistic in nature will re adily take risks, generate different forms of communication, and engage in proactive socialization. In the second level of analysis, which takes into account the significance of groups in organizations, the subjects that are evaluated have to do with dynamics such as cohesion, intra- and intergroup conflict, power, leadership, networks, interpersonal communication, and roles (La pierre and Hackett, 2007). What is emphasized in this stage is the function of sociological processes within the workforce in an organization. In the third level of analysis, what is emphasized on is the dynamics concerning the organization. These could include organizational structure, corporate culture, inter-organizational cooperation, cultural diversity, and external environmental forces. In organizational analysis, the investigation of corporate behavior is based on office politics and anthropology. The Role of Workers in determining organizational Behavior In order for a company to assess the success o f organizational behavior within its workforce, it has to conduct a number of internal examinations. According to Luthans and Youssef (2004) ten percent of workforce behaviors in nearly all organizations are responsible for 80% of organizational performance. It is therefore important for an organization to ensure that it identifies these critical behaviors. People who work

Decline in 4th and 5th Century Art and Literature

Decline in 4th and 5th Century Art and Literature Does the notion of ‘decline’ have any relevance for our understanding of the art and literature of the fourth and fifth centuries? Since the Renaissance it has been common for critics to judge the fourth and fifth centuries as a period of cultural and artistic decline. It has been argued that the Late Roman Empire produced an era of â€Å"artistic and cultural stagnation†[1] and it is crucial to explore whether this notion of ‘decline’ is really relevant in terms of creating a balanced understanding of fourth and fifth century art and literature. Furthermore, it is necessary to address the difficulties produced by dealing with the nature of change within a traditional society[2]; particularly, the judgement of whether that change is for the better or worse, and the impact of modern prejudices on our appreciation of Late Antique art and literature. The notion of ‘decline’ can be interpreted as significant to our understanding of art in this period; especially in terms of the major changes in style which were characteristic of the fourth and fifth centuries. The most fundamental of these changes was the general movement away from the ‘naturalistic’ conventions of classical art[3] towards a more abstract and symbolic style. It is this movement, or decline, away from the esteemed classical apex which has been marked as a negative development[4]. Decline is also apparently seen through the deterioration in the overall quality of Late Antique art. Not only has the workmanship of the period been described by critics as ‘cruder’[5], but the originality of pieces has also been questioned. One such example is the Adlocutio relief on the Arch of Constantine; the juxtaposition of opposing art styles, ‘naturalistic’ and ‘abstract’, has not only been described as of less high quality than earlier art, but it has also formed the basis of the Renaissance critics’ perception of ‘artistic decline’[6]. The quantity of large scale sculpture, an intrinsic part of public display for Emperors and the Roman elite, decreased during the fourth and fifth centuries[7]. This could be interpreted as a change in taste and a new focus on different media for public display, or it could provide further evidence for the ‘decline’ of art. The literature of the fourth and fifth centuries has faced similar criticisms, which also mainly focuses on its movement away from classical conventions. One view is that â€Å"the literature of the period is mostly, as literature, second-rate and unoriginal†[8]. The concept of ‘unoriginality’ is significant to texts from Late Antiquity as many writers had a much greater engagement with earlier literature than their predecessors[9], this could be interpreted as imitation and even more importantly as a decline in creativity or originality. Perhaps more significant however, is the momentous change in style away from that of the classical period. This deviation from the classical ideal has been seen as a debasement and a devolution[10], which may have provided a foundation for the notion of ‘decline’ during the fourth and fifth centuries. The highlighted issues have been based on the lack of eloquence, rhetorical skills or poetic poise in comparison to writers such as Cicero, Ovid and Virgil. Contemporaries such as Jerome and Augustine comment on the changes in style in their works. Jerome describes the style of the religious works as â€Å"rude and repellent†[11] and Augustine declares that such works are â€Å"unworthy to be compared to the stateliness of Ciceronian eloquence†[12]. The influence of Christianity on writers of this period could provide an explanation for the apparent decline in quality of literature. An example where this has affected literature is the subsidiary role of poetry within a society which is completely dominated by the Church and its religious texts[13]. There is a much greater focus on less creative works such as theological literature, which consisted of a high proportion of commentaries on the scriptures[14]. Furthermore, the focus of cultural authority had shifted away from expressive and non-religious literature, and so such works lost their ability to be either intellectually or culturally relevant to contemporary readers[15]. It may be possible to suggest that the notion of decline does have relevance for our understanding of art and literature of the fourth centuries, and perhaps any decline or deterioration is caused by the influences of the strong religious inclinations of this period[16]. However, on the other hand, it is important to recognise that the judgement of decline in relation to this period may have been affected by modern prejudices and the perceived criteria of what constitutes good art and literature. In terms of the artistic ‘decline’, perhaps it would be more beneficial to view this period more neutrally and to recognise that it represents a different concept of art and its stylist mannerisms[17]. More relevant than the notion of decline has to be the notion of change, especially considering that the fourth and fifth century art movement marks the first time since the fifth century BC, that the naturalistic classical conventions shifted towards the abstract[18] and towards the new age of symbolic Middle Age portrayals. A significant area of change and development is the use of churches as an art form[19]. Although public buildings had been a common form of artistic experimentation throughout the history of the Romans, the fourth century brings a new dimension with the influence of Christianity. An example of this is the Church of Magia Sophia in Constantinople, whose architecture demonstrates the artist skill and creativity of the period. The church is described in great detail by Procopius of Caesarea who compares the experiences of viewing it with coming â€Å"upon a meadow with its flowers in full bloom†[20]. The exploration of domes, vaults and space is clearly just as prominent as it was before Late Antiquity[21]; it is just done through the building of Christian churches rather than traditional construction programmes. The Late Antique period features an increase in art works of silver and ivory[22] and also includes the use of elaborate carving techniques in Christian Sarcophagi. Some examples include one from the Mausoleum of Helena, which shows battle scenes between Romans and barbarians, and one from the Mausoleum of Constantina, which is decorated with acanthus scrollwork and cherubs[23]. The increase of the use of high quality carving is a clear demonstration of why the notion of decline should not be applied to the art of the fourth and fifth centuries. Furthermore, the art of this period is not only believed to be of high quality but it also shows a considerable amount of innovation. This included the expanded use of opus sectile panels of inlaid coloured marbles, for example the panels used in the secular Basilica of Junius Bassus from the Esquiline in Rome[24]. Figurative mosaics were also used in more innovative ways, and were introduced into the walls and vaults of buildings rather than just into floors, for example at the Mausoleum of S. Contanza in Rome[25]. An element of continuation can also be seen throughout fourth and fifth century art and shows the merging of new Christian iconography with traditional motifs and styles. Mosaics, for example, continue to be as intricate and stylized in villas[26] and are of the same high quality in public buildings. Some of the more elaborate mosaics seen from this period include the mosaics of St Lawrence at the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia[27] in Ravenna, and the mosaics of saints at the Hagios Georgios in Salonika[28]. Imperial art also continues to be prominent well into the fifth century, including bronze and marble statues, reliefs and dedications, and columns and triumphal arches[29]. Some examples of this are the bronze of Constantius II and the marble Theodosain portraits[30]. Many of the traditional motifs survive until after the fifth century[31] and demonstrate that a complete decline cannot have been possible as artists were still able to continue creating works as they had done before. An example of the persistence of classical iconography can be clearly seen in the calendar of the year 354[32]. The notion of decline does not necessarily take into consideration the stages necessary in any stylistic progression and that the â€Å"continuous dialogue† between classical and abstract methods of representation in art[33], is something to be celebrated as development rather than criticised as decline. The relevance of decline in literature is perhaps similarly misjudged and the literature of the fourth and fifth centuries may be under-rated by critics because of the overall conception of a cultural deterioration[34]. The scholars, who suggest that this is a period of â€Å"cultural stagnation†, may have dismissed much of the rich material which was developed alongside the rise of Christianity.[35] The literature of this period needs to be assessed on its own terms and its own context[36], rather than under the constraints of modern fashions and preferences. Rather than being in decline, this period is arguably the ‘Golden Age’ of Christian literature[37] and its sheer volume of surviving works means that it is one of the richest periods for literature in antiquity. Important literary figures, who have all made huge contributions to the Christian literature of the age, include Athanasius, Ambrose, Jerome and Augustine. Augustine has been described as a â€Å"marvellous genius† and his work the â€Å"City of God† has been described as one of the first great philosophies of history. [38] Similarly popular Jerome, who was responsible for the translation of the bible, managed to raise â€Å"scriptural studies to a level not surpassed for many centuries†[39]. Aside from just religious texts, the literary sources for Late Antiquity include panegyrics, legal codices, biographies, histories and geographies[40]. The influence of Christianity led to an increase in popularity of biography, as it supported the role of the individual[41]. One of the best examples is Athanasius’ ‘The Life of Antony’, which helped to spread the concept of monasticism. The increase in biographies of entire communities rather than just an individual are also seen, mainly monastically based, for instance Palladius’ Historia Lausiaca.[42] Historical works were common throughout the period and demonstrated a continuation in traditional literary form; however, they took on a much stronger religious focus, and many took polemical positions either defending or condemning Christianity[43]. Arguably one of the most important of the historical works was the History of Rome by Ammianus Marcellinus. He not only wrote in a style reminiscent of early historians[44], such as Livy or Tacitus, but he also showed a remarkable lack of bias which is often evidenced in the writings of contemporaries[45]. There are also enough surviving letters to make the fourth and fifth centuries one of the major periods for ancient epistolography. Just one example are the letters from Q. Aurelius Symmachus of which we have nine hundred surviving letters, covering the entire period from the 360’s to AD 402[46]. A particularly highly criticised area of literature, in terms of decline, is poetry as many critics thought that they were few writers of that age who could actually rank as true poets in terms of style.[47] However, there is a scholarly split in this matter as many see the fourth century as the time when poetry re-emerged in both popularity and strength[48]. Poets like Porfyrius Optatianus had a huge impact through their poetic achievements and the poetry of the age had a distinctive character that set it apart from its predecessors[49]. Innovation in poetry can be seen through the development of multiple pattern poems, which pushed the boundaries of conventional poetry. One of the key figures in the movement is Porfyrius who had a â€Å"singular ability to manipulate verbal surfaces in varied ways†[50]. The criticism that late antique poetry suffers from an increasing level of imitation and unoriginality should be readdressed as authors may have taken up traditional forms bu t they endowed them with new and exciting qualities[51], which thus created a unique and original work. What appears to be actually prominent in fourth and fifth century poetry is diversity[52] rather than decline. Further literary diversity is brought to the fourth and fifth centuries by the influences from the East and their developments in literary languages. Syriac was already developed as literary language before the fourth century, but it was during this later period that its influence began to be truly felt. The most important surviving works are from Aphrahat and Ephrem and both their texts demonstrate the sophistication of the Syriac culture[53].The importance of Syriac literature can be seen in the fact that Jerome, writing in 392, had already read in Greek translation a work by Ephrem on the Holy Spirit[54]. Their works showed an awareness of Greek rhetorical models[55] and further suggest that this was a period of development and not decline. Less extensive, although still important, is the emergence of the Coptic literature of the Egyptians. Coptic literature was mainly functional and used in a religious context but it did include a translation of the bible. In conclusion, it is possible to understand the reasoning behind the judgement of fourth and fifth century art and literature as part of an overall notion of decline, but much of this is based on modern values and not those of the contemporaries to such art forms. In terms of understanding the literature and art of the period in a non biased and non prejudiced way, it would appear far more beneficial to dismiss the notion of ‘decline’ and adopt a more neutral notion of ‘development’ or ‘change’. A fundamental part of understanding this art and literature is the appreciating of some of its unique features, it particular the conflict and compromise[56] between several religious philosophies and two opposing art styles. Whether viewed in a negative or positive light, it seems wrong to dismiss the art and literature of the period under the demise of decline, when it is in fact diverse, vigorous, and of a high quality. Furthermore, I conclude that th e notion of decline should not have any relevance on our understanding of the art and literature of the fourth and fifth centuries. (Word Count- 2,443) Bibliography Primary Sources Augustine, Confessions, trans. A.C. Outler [Library of Christian Classics], 7 (Philadelphia, 1955) Jerome, Ciceronian or Christian?, in J.Stevenson. 1973. Creeds, Councils and Controversies. London Procopius, Buildings, trans H.B. Dewing [Leob Classical Library], 7 (Harvard, 1940) Secondary Sources Brock, S. 1997. Syriac Culture, in A. Cameron P. Garnsey (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13: The Late Empire, AD 337-425. Cambridge. 708- 719. Brown, P. L. 1980. Art and Society in Late Antiquity, in K. Weitzmann (ed.), Age of Spirituality: A Symposium. New York. 17-28. Cameron, A. 1993. The Later Roman Empire: AD 284-430. London. Cameron, A. 1997. Education and Literary Culture, in A. Cameron P. Garnsey (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13: The Late Empire, AD 337-425. Cambridge. 665-707. Dihle, A. 1994. Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire: From Augustus to Justinian. London. Elsner, J. 1997. Art and Architecture, in A. Cameron P. Garnsey (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13: The Late Empire, AD 337-425. Cambridge. 736-761. Elsner, J. 1998. Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The Art of the Roman Empire, AD 100-450. Oxford. Ermatinger, J. W. 2004. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Connecticut. Gibbon, E. (ed.) Bury, J.B. 1966. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roma Empire: Volume 3. London. Grant, M. 1998. From Rome to Byzantium: The Fifth Century AD. London. Jones, A. H. M. 1964. The Later Roman Empire 284-602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey Volume II. Oxford. Mastrangelo, M. 2009. International Journal of the Classical Tradition. The Decline of Poetry in the Fourth Century West. Vol 16. 311-329. Mcgill, S. 2012. Latin Poetry, in S. F. Johnson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford. 335-360. Roberts, M. 1989. The Jewelled Sky: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity. New York. Salzman, M. R. 1990. On Roman Time: The Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity. Berkeley. Smith, M. 1997. Coptic Literature, in A. Cameron P. Garnsey (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13: The Late Empire, AD 337-425. Cambridge. 720-735. Strong, D. E. 1976. Roman Art. London. 1 [1] Ermatinger 2004:2 [2] Brown 1980:17 [3] Ermatinger 2004:9 [4] Elsner 1997:739 [5] Elsner 1997:737 [6] Elsner 1998:18 [7] Elsner 1997:737 [8] Grant 1998:77 [9] Mcgill 2012:337 [10]Mcgill 2012:335 [11] Jerome Ep. 22.30 [12] Augustine Confessions 3.6-5.9 [13] Mastrangelo 2009:311 [14] Jones 1964:1011 [15] Mastrangelo 2009:312 [16] Grant 1998:80 [17] Ermatinger 2004:9 [18] Elsner 1997:736 [19] Grant 1998:82 [20] Procopius Buildings 1.1.59 [21] Elsner 1998:11 [22] Cameron 1993:159 [23] Strong 1976:315 [24] Elsner 1997:737-8 [25] Elsner 1997:738 [26] Ermatinger 2004:9 [27] Grant 1998:84 [28] Strong 1976:324 [29] Elsner 1998:11 [30] Elsner 1997:736 [31] Elsner 1998:249 [32] Salzman 1990:70 [33] Roberts 1989:68 [34] Cameron 1997:707 [35] Ermatinger 2004:2 [36] Mcgill 2012:335 [37] Cameron 1997:666 [38] Grant 1998:78 [39] Jones 1964:1011 [40] Ermatinger 2004:2 [41] Cameron 1997:699 [42] Dihle 1994:416 [43] Ermatinger 2004:4 [44] Ermatinger 2004:5 [45] Gibbon 1966:122 [46] Cameron 1997:696 [47] Jones 1964:45 [48] Dihle 1994:400 [49] Mcgill 2012:335 [50] Mcgill 2012:336 [51] Mcgill 2012:337 [52] Mastrangelo 2009:313 [53] Brock 1997:709-10 [54] Brock 1997:717 [55] Brock 1997:714 [56] Ermatinger 2004:2

Australia :: essays research papers

Australia Australia is an island continent and is located southeast of Asia . Australia is the smallest continent in the world . Australia is made up of six states . The climate in Australia varies greatly : a hot season , wet season with rains falling mainly in February and March. During which north western has warm and dry season. Australians mineral resources are notably bauxite, coal , gold, iron , ore, and petroleum. The most popular and native mammals in Australia are marsupials . The best known marsupials in Australia is a kangaroo which include fifty species. In Australia forty-three percent of surface consists of desert and sandy plains. Most of the population of Australia is of European descent. Before the world war II the population was entirely of British origin, but since then more than two million Europeans from the continent have migrated to Australia . English is the official language of Australia. The total population of Australia is 17, 827, 204. The capital of Australia is S idney . The Religion of Australia is largergerly Protestants , 26 percent of Australians are Catholics , and there are smaller like East Orthodox, Muslim , Buddhist , and Jewish population . The education begins at the age of six and the upper limit is to sixteen . Australia has more than ten thousand primary and secondary schools. In the early 1990s Australian had thirty-nine universities . The way of life in Australia reflects the heritage of British settlers . Australia has many interesting sites like beaches, mountains, deserts , museums, art , music , Film and many other sites . The oldest music of Australia is Aborigines. That music plays accentual role in both social and sacred life. During social gatherings called corroborees , singing and dancing provide the major form of entertainment. Australia is an outstanding producer of primary products . The major exporter are wheat ,meat , dairy products and wool . Australia usually produces twenty-five percent of world's yearly woo l. Mining became the leading factor of mining in Australia . The county continues to be dependent on livestock raising and crop farming. Manufacturing began after world war II . Most manufacturing facilities are at Sidney. The production is mostly iron, steel ,aircraft's, construction equipment ,synthetic fibers , electronic equipment , power cables , and petroleum .Sydney was founded by CaptainArthur Philip in 1787.

Health Care Reform Project Essay

One solution to managed care in health care is the keeping the cost of the health care down. According to â€Å"Health Care Cost Control: Getting on the Right Track† (2002), â€Å"A real solution will, of necessity, involve pain for all players in health care: employers, government, providers, insurers, pharmaceutical and medical technology companies, and consumers.† To regain control over the heath care crisis the purchasers and the consumers need to come together and decide what the best resolution would be best for them. They will also need to determine what it is that they are willing to sacrifice in order to reduce the high rate of the health care cost. If this doesn’t work the only other alternative would be for the government to step in and decide what needs to mandated, nobody wants this to happen. Another solution to managed care in health care is access to affordable health care. According to â€Å"Health Care in Chaos: Will We Ever See Real Managed Careâ€Å" †Lack of insurance coverage causes people not only to avoid preventive care, but to delay seeking illness care until later into the episode of illness.† The underinsured or uninsured will wait until they absolutely have to or need to be seen and end up going to the Emergency room costing themselves and other a lot more money out of pocket. If managed care was more affordable then there would be a lot less people needing insurance along with better health for those individuals. There are an increased number of uninsured people in the United States to roughly around 45.6 million people (Health Care in Chaos: Will We Ever See Real Managed Care). Quality of care in managed care is another issue that is happening. â€Å"Medicare HMO enrollees with chronic conditions showed worse quality of care.†(Miller, 2015). The quality of care with HMO’s can be considered poorly done. Most people feel that HMO’s do not get the same type of care as  others such as PPO’s this is â€Å"in part because of slow clinical practice change, lack of risk-adjusted capitation rates, and inadequate quality measurement and reporting.† (Miller, 2015). Solutions to these managed care issues all depends on the individual who is insured and wither or not they want to spend a lot of their own money to get the quality of care they are wanting. Most Americans cannot afford insurance either through their employer or through the Affordable Care Act. This is why so many people do not have insurance and have poor health. They are not able to obtain the care they need which then makes health care rise to cover those who seek medical help through the Emergency rooms. More hospitals have to write the debts off which is costing them to lose more money from the patients who are unable to pay for their services. Having managed care is a vicious circle, you either cannot afford to have the health care you and your family needs or you have health care but it is not very good and you still have to pay a lot out of your own pockets just to be seen and have mediocre care. According to â€Å"Managed Care: Get Used To It† (2010) â€Å"The concept embodies many modes of delivering medicine, ranging from the nightmarish bureaucratic encounter to the highly professional clinic.† The worst part of managed care is that providers can decide the service and access because the fee of service treatment is limited to what the providers think is right. â€Å"All managed care plans have a built-in incentive to limit costs, because more treatments do not automatically mean more revenue for health providers.† (Managed Care: Get Used To It† (2010). References Health Care Cost Control: Getting on the Right Track. (2002). Retrieved from http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0202/0202.edge.html Huntington, J., (Jan. 6, 1997) â€Å"Health Care in Chaos: Will We Ever See Real Managed Care?† Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 2, No. 1, Manuscript 1. Managed Care: Get Used to It. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/business/14views.html?_r=0 Miller, R.H. (2015). Does managed care lead to better or worse quality of care? Retrieved from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/16/5/7.short

Prescribing event The WritePass Journal

Prescribing eventï » ¿ Abstract Prescribing eventï » ¿ ). Moreover, the student has thoroughly explored patient’s past medical history, family history and social history by relying on the cooperation of patient’s husband. Specific question were asked in order to determine patient’s susceptibility to chronic pain and injury. Patient’s exposure to hazards has been determined is minimal considering that the bed bound woman is a non-smoker (Marcum et al., 2010). In this case, the student nurse has decided to prescribe 50-50 Paraffin cream. As part of the medication assessment in the prescribing event, the student asked patient for allergies. However, no allergies were mentioned by client at that point. Other aspects of considering patient’s holistic needs included clinical investigations and physical examination. The student measured patient’s temperature and took a swab for microbiological analysis (Bradley et al., 2007). The physical examination involved careful physical assessment of the wound and wo und’s area. Decision Making and Actions Taken P. and Tissue Viability Nurse referral has not been indicated because the student nurse has confirmed that the diagnosis is clear and does not need referral. This means that there are no any severe aspects related to patient’s diagnosis. In the decision making process of the student district nurse, certain considerations have been made in an attempt to reach a relevant prescribing decision (Bradley et al., 2007). By concluding that patient’s wound is simple and lacks any signs of severity, the student concluded that the selection of a primary dressing and Allevyn Gentle Border as a secondary dressing is justified because it is evidence-based (Junqueira and Carneiro, 2005). Patient expectations for a fast recovery of the wound have been thoroughly considered by the nurse while making that particular decision for administering specific types of dressings. It is important to note that the decision of the nurse to prescribe a primary dressing and Allevyn Gentle Border as a second dressing is reasonable considering the wound’s condition which has been determined after professional assessment and careful physical examination (Guarnera et al., 2007). The primary dressing that was prescribed for patient has been indicated as a paraffin gauze dressing. It has important features, such as soft paraffin base, comprehensive size range, and sterile leno weave presentation. The major benefit of the prescribed primary dressing is that it can soothe and protect the wound as well as open up the passage of viscous exudates, which can take place into the prescribed secondary dressing (Chaby et al., 2007). The fact that the prescribed primary dressing is not medicated shows that it can be ideally used with a topical antiseptic of choice. It can be indicated that the mnemonic EASE has been applied in the decision making process of the prescribing event. The product has been identified as rather effective, as all products from the Allevyn Gentle Border range have been especially designed for individuals with fragile and extremely sensitive skin (Chaby et al., 2007). This type of dressing has a soft silicone gel adhesive, which makes it a convenient option for patient’s condition considering the capacity of the dressing to minimise trauma to the wound when the dressing should be changed. Moreover, this contributes to avoiding patient pain and ensuring adequate care (Guarnera et al., 2007). The effectiveness of the prescribed dressing is evident at its triple-action technology, which contributes to maintaining optimal balance in fluid while the wound is being healed. The choice of Allevyn Gentle Border as a secondary dressing is an appropriate decision made by the district nurse because the dressing provides optimal comfort to patient and it is easy to be applied and removed. The product is suitable for this patient, as no allergies have been reported during the initial assessment conducted by the student (Chaby et al., 2007). In addition, the use of the prescribed secondary dressing is completely safe, as patient can even take shower without any problem given that the dressing is shower-proof. The prescription is cost-effective, as a box of 10 Allevyn Gentle Border dressings (7.5 cm x 7.5 cm size) costs approximately  £22.44, and a box of the same type of dressings (10 cm x 10 cm size) is approximately  £29.99 (Hurd et al., 2009). In a research by Hurd et al. (2009), the focus has been on presenting sufficient evidence of the effectiveness of Allevyn Gentle Border. The authors of the research based their evaluation on a multi-centre clinical assessment, which was conducted in 2008. One of the most important conclusions provided by researchers was that this type of dressing was suitable for the specific wound type treated in almost 95% of patients who participated in the study (Chaby et al., 2007). It has been emphasised that patients’ wounds had healed prior to the end of the specified study period. There was substantial evidence indicating a reduction in wound area and depth upon presenting the final assessment of patients. Moreover, there was significant evidence of a reduction in the precise level of exudates in the wound, which applied to the period between baseline and final assessment (Hurd et al., 2009). There was also a visible reduction in the median percentage of devitalised tissue upon conclu ding the final assessment of patients. In order to assess the appropriateness of the prescribed dressing, the student district nurse demonstrated the initial consideration that the process of prescribing wound products cannot occur generically. The nurse has determined that this type of dressing is appropriate to patient’s condition. As presented in research, Allevyn Gentle Border dressing is found to maintain moisture, implying the inability of sticking to the wound (Chaby et al., 2007). The prescribed dressing belongs to the group of hydrocolloids. The qualities of hydrocolloid dressings have been considered by the student in providing an optimal healing environment, insulation and autolytic debridement. In terms of outlining the advantages of this type of dressing, it is essential to note that hydrocolloid dressings are impermeable to bacteria and other contaminants (Guarnera et al., 2007). The most important advantage is that they do not adhere to the wound but to the intact skin near the wound. However, a sign ificant consideration should be given to the fact that hydrocolloid dressings are not recommended for wounds with extremely heavy exudates, or in the presence of infection. The frequency of dressing changes depends on the severity of patient’s wound (Hurd et al., 2009). Yet, it is important to note that the primary dressing should be changed on a daily basis, while the secondary Allevyn Gentle Border dressing should be changed every 3 days (King, 2003). There have not been considerable side effects associated with the use of the prescribed secondary dressing except slight nausea in rare cases. In the process of negotiating a contract, it is essential to note the aspects of concordance and adherence. The student demonstrated a high level of negotiated concordance in the sense that sufficient information was provided to client including possible side effects, the costs of dressing and the impact on lifestyle. In an attempt to promote greater adherence of client to the prescribed treatment, the student district nurse clearly informed client about the two types of dressings that were prescribed, as well as how to use them and their benefits (Bradley et al., 2007). It has been suggested to both client and her husband to record the time of dressing changes, which served as an additional motivating factor to client to monitor the condition of her wound. The nurse demonstrated her competence in conducting effective communication with client considering that she is from the elderly population, which implies a focus on making the prescribed treatment simple (Hurd et al., 2009). Ther efore, the contract between the nurse and client was considered effective in terms of concordance and adherence. Implications for Future Practice This event is quite important for my future practice and learning because it has provided me with a relevant opportunity to apply all essential steps of a prescribing event in practice. Such a practical experience in prescribing has made me more self-confident in the procedures required to indicate a properly conducted prescribing event in the future (Bradley et al., 2007). I would follow the same model of prescribing for any future similar situation, as I find it effective and reliable in bringing an optimal treatment option to client. I have extensively focused on client’s holistic needs, as this is considered fundamental in delivering adequate care and make an informed decision regarding client’s complaint (King, 2003). I am prepared to expand my prescribing experience in the future by actively participating in similar events and acting in accordance with strict nursing and prescribing principles outlined in the field. Reflection The prescribing event provided an opportunity to learn more about the stages of prescribing and making the best possible decision in a similar situation as the one faced by client. However, I am aware that such a decision may differ upon considering the details of another case, with different aspects of complaints. This means that I should be adequately prepared to encounter different prescribing scenarios (Hurd et al., 2009). I have not experience any major problems during this experience. Yet, I have learned a lot about wound care in relation to this incident. The treatment of this condition may be challenging under particular circumstances especially among the elderly population (King, 2003). Self-monitoring and management of wound may be inappropriately done and thus such individuals may need the assistance of a family member or nurse in order to adhere to the schedule outlined in the prescribing event. Conclusion This report provided significant information about a prescribing event in which a student district nurse participated, accompanied by her practice teacher. The prescribing event was based on an incident with a 70-year-old female, who was identified as bed bound due to superficial wound to left sheen. The nurse critically analysed the situation and demonstrated a prescribing decision that a primary dressing should be used as well as Allevyn Gentle Border as a secondary dressing (Hurd et al., 2009). The prescribing decision was adequately justified given that the nurse provided solid evidence of the benefits of using this type of dressing. However, the only limitation considered in this event is that the nurse may not have invested sufficient time to explore the case in detail (Chaby et al., 2007). Despite this limitation, the student expressed an opinion of increased self-confidence that could help her in similar prescribing situations in the future. References Bradley, E., Hynam, B. and Nolan, P. (2007). ‘Nurse Prescribing: Reflections on Safety in Practice’. Social Science Medicine, vol. 65(3), pp. 599-609. Chaby, G., Senet, P., Vaneau, M. et al. (2007). ‘Dressings for Acute and Chronic Wounds: A Systematic Review’. Archives of Dermatology, vol. 143, pp. 1297-1304. Guarnera, G., Tinelli, G., Abeni, D., Di Pietro, C., Sampogna, F. and Tabolli, S. (2007). ‘Pain and Quality of Life in Patients with Vascular Leg Ulcers: An Italian Multicentre Study’. Journal of Wound Care, vol. 16, pp. 347-351. Hurd, T., Gregory, L., Jones, A. and Brown, S. (2009). ‘A Multi-Centre In-Market Evaluation of Allevyn Gentle Border’. Wounds UK, vol. 5(3), pp. 32-44. Junqueira, L. C. and Carneiro, J. (2005). Basic Histology. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Lange. King, B. (2003). ‘Pain at First Dressing Change after Toenail Avulsion 2: Findings and Discussion of the Data Analysis’. Journal of Wound Care, vol. 12, pp. 69-75. Marcum, Z. A., Handler, S. M., Wright, R. and Hanlon, J. T. (2010). ‘Interventions to Improve Suboptimal Prescribing in Nursing Homes: A Narrative Review’. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, vol. 8(3), pp. 183-200. Tjia, J., Gurwitz, J. H. and Briesacher, B. A. (2012). ‘Challenge of Changing Nursing Home Prescribing Culture’. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, vol. 10(1), pp. 37-46.

Essay About System Thinking for Sustainability Essays

Essay About System Thinking for Sustainability Essays Essay About System Thinking for Sustainability Essay Essay About System Thinking for Sustainability Essay Educating System Thinking for Sustainability: Experience with a Developing Country In their research paper, Educating System Thinking for Sustainability: Experience with a Developing Country, Nam C. Nguyen, Doug Graham, Helen Ross, Kambiz Maani and Ockie Bosch describes an approach to teaching system thinking and related competence building for a team of professionals and managers from Vietnam, a developing country, involved in the bearable management of a world environment reserve. The team of professionals was attracted were drawn to the countrys system approach to managing to Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve as it offers the best way to address components of sustainability holistically while surpassing organizational and disciplinary silos. The evaluation resulted in the authors listing the key features to include: studying as a group of professionals, with supreme organizational provision and obligation to apply systems approaches in the workplace; entertaining adult learning methods designed to the needs of participants; supplementing teaching of systems discerning and skills with participatory approaches for working with the participants in creating solutions to their sustainability matters; and building in assessment at every stage, through participatory approaches learned in the course. The authors carried out their training program commencing with climate setting activities which are designed to develop an open democratic environment with a peer approach instead of the standard student-teacher approach. They majored on the communicating skills and the working with seniors as the first changes to the planned contents, mainly to help learners identify and clarify the problems they usually experience and wish to overcome. It also assists students to apply the newly learned information to their existing experience mainly to help them make their learning more meaningful. The authors then had the participants grouped to and allowed them to develop their course evaluation in their groups, an interesting technique the participants already learned, and then use the methods to evaluate each section of their training. The approach allowed the authors to meet other adult learning principles retrieved from external sources. The principle was extracted from Burns (2002) and included; encouraging cooperative activities and refraining from creating competition and making judgments; acknowledging and promoting self-direction in learning; assisting in developing self-evaluation procedures and giving the learners a sense of progress towards their individual goals. The authors emphasized the importance of reflection by building knowledge reviews and providing time for respondents to discuss the content available in Vietnam. The various modes used by the authors in the adult learning approach were as highlighted in a recent paper written by Wirtenburg, Russell and Lipsky (2009). The study allowed the participants to understand the theories, techniques, and concepts applied in the short courses, which they were then allowed to use in practice. After taking away several lessons and newfound knowledge, the participants were allowed to apply their new acquires successfully into their work. Systems Thinking Training The authors primary objective for the training was to enhance the participants skills and expertise in systems thinking, integrated natural resource management, and addressing sustainability issues. According to the author, the program was fundamental in bringing together the learners for a 2-month only learning forum and laying a solid basis for joint planning and policy development upon the participants return to Vietnam. The authors believed that the training overcame their first stumbling block in the initial project. They trusted that they partly achieved their objective in the short term as well as the constant activities and plans forming a basis for successful outcomes in the long term. The programs main value for the participants representing various levels of governance could considerably help remove certain barriers to communication and information flows and improving decision-making processes. The program also developed a common understanding of the issues, creating a common vision and commitment to action. Since the participants hold appropriate and vital positions related directly to the management of the CBBR, their involvement of power and leadership would be of significant importance to the endless continuation of the CBBR project. Though still in development process, the sustainability project initiative in Vietnam has started a snowball. The authors found the key features of the training to include studying as a group of professionals, with supreme organizational provision and obligation to apply systems approaches in the workplace; entertaining adult learning approaches designed to the needs of participants; supplementing teaching of systems discerning and skills with participatory approaches for working with the participants in creating solutions to their sustainability matters; and building in assessment at every stage, through participatory approaches learned in the course. Referring to Midgleys (2000), argument, the authors argue that systems community has a responsibility to reach for those not familiar with the language and teach them. In line with other authors research, Nguyen et al., state that learning system research on complex system and teaching systems thinking is so far at an early stage. The authors program has replaced teaching system thinking which is teaching adult professionals in the perspective of a developing country such as Vietnam. Management Education However, according to Sunley Leigh (2016) assertion is contrary to Nguyens where the former believe that the importance of holistic management education can possibly involve separation of the contents from the learning methods. According to Sunley Leigh (2006), the increasing use of responsible management education (RME) in the academic research, publications and forums could require that Nguyen et al., could as well apply the aspect in their study. Basing the study on business aspect by studying, say education for responsible management, the authors would have improved the importance of their research, since Vietnam being a developing country, learning on how to significantly apply learned education in management could definitely benefit the Vietnamese business industry as well. In the research, Nguyen et al. developed and tested the method for teaching system thinking to managers while applying problem-based learning technique embedded within an adult learning approach. After the evaluation, the authors found out that the respondents developed a holistic view of the problems, providing a setting to their work when they get back to their organizations. The participants were also found to be able to share their systems thinking skills with others within their country, thus augmenting management. Based on the evaluation, the authors believed that the systems training programs including the ones they discussed in the paper are capable of contributing significantly to the systems community efforts about the making system thinking and system education becoming unremarkable and absorbed into the scientific research. The authors carried out their evaluation in a similar way to current statistics which is considered the integral part of all sciences. The evaluation of the training programs discussed in the paper were in comparison to other pioneers including the K12 System Dynamics of the United States school projects, system courses and programs offered in such institutions as Open University and at the Center for Systems Studies in the UK, the University-wide Master program of Sustainable Systems offered at the University of Queensland, Australia. The paper highlighted mainly on the importance of teaching systems thinking to provide a sample curriculum and teaching strategy based on adult learning principles.